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以下， 已下， いか， いげ

1. not exceeding ..., not more than ..., ... and under, ... and below, ... or fewer 2. below (a standard, level, etc.), under, beneath, less than 3. the following, the below-mentioned, the rest, followed by ... 4. including ..., ... and other (employ...

不超过，低于，少于；低于(标准)；以下，下面，接着

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はず， 筈， 弭

1. should (be), bound (to be), expected (to be), must (be) 2. nock (of a bow) 3. nock (of an arrow) 4. nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger) 5. wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out...

应该（是），必须（是）

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ない， 無い

1. nonexistent, not being (there) 2. unowned, not had, unpossessed 3. unique 4. not, impossible, won't happen 5. not 6. to not be, to have not

tbd

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彼， かれ

1. he, him 2. boyfriend

他

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题；表示与另一选项（无论是否明确提及）形成对比；表示强调

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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