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他人， たにん， ひと， あだびと

1. another person, other people, others 2. unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood) 3. outsider, stranger

tbd

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を

1. indicates direct object of action 2. indicates subject of causative expression 3. indicates an area traversed 4. indicates time (period) over which action takes place 5. indicates point of departure or separation of action 6. indicates object of d...

表示动作的直接对象；表示经过的场所；表示离开或分开的点

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指差す， 指さす， 指指す， ゆびさす

1. to point at

指向

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失礼， しつれい， しつらい， しちらい

1. discourtesy, impoliteness 2. excuse me, goodbye 3. to leave 4. to be rude

tbd

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の

1. indicates possessive 2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives 3. substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases 4. (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion 5. (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis 6. (at sentence-end, risi...

句尾起强调作用；助词，表示所有关系

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は

1. indicates sentence topic 2. indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated) 3. adds emphasis

指示句子的主题；表示与另一选项（无论是否明确提及）形成对比；表示强调

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こと， 事， 縡

1. thing, matter 2. incident, occurrence, event, something serious, trouble, crisis 3. circumstances, situation, state of affairs 4. work, business, affair 5. after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not ...

tbd

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です

1. be, is

断定助动词，是，是也

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